Alzheimer’s 打敗阿茲海默症

Alzheimer’s Is Not Normal Aging — And We Can Cure It | Samuel Cohen | TED Talks

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More than 40 million people worldwide suffer from Alzheimer’s disease, and that number is expected to increase drastically in the coming years. But no real progress has been made in the fight against the disease since its classification more than 100 years ago. Scientist Samuel Cohen shares a new breakthrough in Alzheimer’s research from his lab as well as a message of hope. “Alzheimer’s is a disease,” Cohen says, “and we can cure it.”

Transcript

在1901年， 有一名叫Auguste的女士 被送到法蘭克福的醫療精神病所。 當時Auguste 有幻覺， 甚至記不起最簡單的生活細節。 當時病人的醫生是Alois. Laois 不知道怎樣幫助她， 但他仍然照顧她， 直到她不幸地在1906年逝世。 病人死後，Alois 替她解剖， 發現Auguste腦部 有不尋常的班塊和物質纏結 他從未見過這種情況。

現在還有最令人苦惱的事情。 如果Auguste 換作今天仍活著， 我們比114年前Alois可以幫助她的實在不多。 Alois 就是Alois Alzheimer（阿茲海默）醫生。 而 Auguste Deter 就是第一位病人，確診現在稱為「阿茲海默症」。 自從1901年以來，醫學發展迅速。 我們發明了抗生素和疫苗預防傳染病丶 對抗癌症的療法丶愛滋病的藥物， 還有施德丁預防心臟病，多不勝數。 但是醫治阿茲海默症，還是停滯不前。

我是一羣科學家的一員， 致力尋求這個病的療法，已經超過10年。 所以我常常都想找到療方。 阿茲海默症現在影響全球4千萬人。 到了2050年，這個病還會影響1.5億人-- 順便一提，在座很多人也會包括在內。 如果你想活到85歲或以上， 你患阿茲海默症的機會幾乎是1/2。 換言之，你很可能耗盡你的黃金歲月， 不是受到阿茲海默症的折磨， 就是照顧患這個病的友人或至愛。 僅僅在美國每年已經 要花費2千億美元照顧這類病人。 每5元的醫療保險 便有一元花在阿茲海默症治療。 這是今天花費最昂貴的疾病。 預計到了2050年，成本會增加5倍， 隨著嬰兒潮一代變老。

這樣可能令你吃驚，簡單來說， 這個病是我們這一代 醫療、社會遇到的最大挑戰。 但我們較少關注這個問題。 今日全球十大的致命原因， 只有阿茲海默症是不能預防、 治愈或者甚至減慢惡化。 我們認識這個病比其他病症貧乏。 因為投資了很少時間和金錢來研究它。 美國政府每年花费在癌症研究 比在阿茲海默症的高10倍有多。 儘管我們花在阿茲海默症費用較多， 而且毎年的死亡數字跟癌症相若。

這個病資源缺乏的主要原因： 人們還未醒覺到這個病的嚴重。 因為只是少數人知道是不夠的， 而是每個人都如是： 阿茲海默症是一種病，而我們可以治好它。 在過去114年的大部分時間， 所有人包括科學家， 誤以為年老引致阿茲海默症。 我們以往認為老年病是 是衰老過程中不可避免的現象。 但是只要看看這一幅圖 比較一個健康的老人腦部 和阿茲海默症病人的腦部， 來認識這個病對身體做成的傷害。 還引致嚴重失憶和心智能力退化， 阿茲海默症損害病人腦部， 明顯地降低病人的預期夀命， 更往往足以致命。

還記得一個世紀前， Alzheimer醫生在Auguste腦部， 發現異常的塊狀和物質纏結。 差不多過了一個世紀，我們仍然所知不多。 今日我們知道它是用蛋白質分子製成。 你可以把蛋白質分子想像成一張紙， 常常用來折疊精巧的摺紙作品。 紙面佈滿粘性小點， 如果摺得正確，那些小點最後留在作品裡面。 可是有時摺疊出錯，有些粘性小點留在外面。 這樣令到蛋白質分子互相粘著一起， 變成一塊，最後結成大塊和纒結。 阿茲海默病人的腦部就是這樣。

我們在劍橋大學花了10時間， 想了解這種錯誤機能的原理。 但有很多步驟， 若要找出那一個步需要停止很複雜。 好像在拆除一個炸彈一樣。 剪去一條電線未必有用。 但是再剪下一條，可能引起炸彈爆炸。 我們必須找到關鍵的一步加以制止， 然後對症下藥。

直到最近，我們把大部分時間 花在剪斷迴路，希望得到好結果。 但是現在我們聯合不同背景的人--

有醫生、生物學家丶遺傳學家丶化學家等等。 大家一切找出那個重要的步驟， 現正試驗新藥，將專門阻止它， 然後打退疾病。

現在由我來給你看其中最新的結果。 實驗室以㚈的人從未看過。 現在讓大家看看影片，我們把蟲用作新藥試驗後， 發生了什麼事。 這是健康蟲， 你可以看到它們正常地周圍移動。 但是這批蟲 身體內的蛋白質分子卻粘著一起-- 就如患有阿茲海默症的人類。 很清楚看到牠們是病了。 但如果我們在這些蟲患病初期給予新藥， 牠們便會康復，並生存到常規壽命 這只是初步的正面結果，不過類似的研究 證明我們可以了解阿茲海默症，還可以治好它。

等了114年， 終於有希望在以後的10至20年 打敗阿茲海默症。 為了繼續燃點希望和最終擊敗這個病， 我們需要援助。 不是需要像我這班科學家。 而是需要你的幫忙。 提高對阿茲海默症是疾病的認知； 如果我們肯嘗試，必定能夠打敗它。 至於其他病例， 病人和家人帶頭要求做更多的研究， 施加壓力給政府丶藥劑業丶 科學家和監管機構。 這對於1980晚期，改善HIV治療非常重要的。 今天也見到同樣的幹勁去打擊癌症。 但阿茲海默症病人常常不能表達自己的意見。 病人家屬--隱形受害人，日以繼夜照顧病人， 再走出來推動改革，通常已經疲憊不堪。 所以現在真是只靠你了。 阿茲海默症並不全部是遺傳病。 每個有腦的人都有危險。 今日有將近4千萬好像Auguste的病人， 他們不能替自己的需要推行改革。 請替他們發聲， 要求治療的良方。

多謝。（掌聲)

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What Makes Good Life 幸福從何而來

TED 演講視頻：幸福從何而來？金錢、名望或是成就感？
What Makes a Good Life? Lessons from the Longest Study on Happiness | Robert Waldinger

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What keeps us happy and healthy as we go through life? If you think it's fame and money, you're not alone – but, according to psychiatrist Robert Waldinger, you're mistaken. As the director of 75-year-old study on adult development, Waldinger has unprecedented access to data on true happiness and satisfaction. In this talk, he shares three important lessons learned from the study as well as some practical, old-as-the-hills wisdom on how to build a fulfilling, long life. (TED Talk January 2016)

Transcript

TED演講視頻：幸福從何而來？金錢、名望或是成就感？

Robert是計劃的第四任負責人，聽他為你講述這個實驗的過程，揭開幸福的真相：

76年前，哈佛開展了史上歷時最長的成人發展研究，跟踪268位男性，從少年到老年，­探尋影響人生幸福的關鍵。

故事從1938年開始

那一年，時任哈佛大學衛生系主任的阿列·博克(ArlieBock)教授覺得，整個研­究界都在關心“人為什麼會生病/失敗/潦倒”，怎麼沒有人研究下“人怎樣才能健康/成­功/幸福”？

博克提出了一項雄心勃勃的研究計劃，打算追踪一批人從青少年到人生終結，關注他們的高­低轉折，記錄他們的狀態境遇，點滴不漏，即時記錄，最終將他們的一生轉化為一個答案—­—什麼樣的人，最可能成為人生贏家。

人生贏家的標準十分苛刻。主持這項研究的整整32年的心理學者喬治·瓦利恩特(Geo­rgeVaillant)說，贏家必須“十項全能”：十項標準裡有兩條跟收入有關，四­條和身心健康有關，四條和親密關係和社會支持有關。譬如說，必須80歲後仍身體健康、­心智清明(沒活到80歲的自然不算贏家)；60-75歲間與孩子關係緊密；65-75­歲間除了妻子兒女外仍有其他社會支持(親友熟人)等；60-85歲間擁有良好的婚姻關­係；收入水平居於前25%。

這就是著名的“格蘭特研究(TheGrantStudy)”。研究名字緣於最初的贊助­者，​​慈善家威廉·格蘭特(WilliamT.Grant)。如今，這項研究已經持­續了整整76年，花費超過2000萬美元。

從1939年到1944年間，這項研究選擇了268名當年正在哈佛就讀的本科生作為研­究對象。這批人已經站在美國年青人的巔峰，他們有著光明的未來，得享成功與長壽的機率­很大。這正是格蘭特研究需要的——研究對像要活得夠長，否則就不算“笑到最後”，要足­夠成功，否則怎能算“笑得最好”？

入選者當年都在19歲上下，全部是家境良好的美國籍白人男性，身心健康，儀表堂堂——­事實上，每個入選者都經過嚴格的體格“選美”，研究者傾向於挑選猿臂蜂腰者，因為一開­始的猜測是，“富有男性氣概者”更可能擁有幸福人生。

每隔2年，這批人會接到調查問卷，他們需要回答自己身體是否健康，精神是否正常，婚姻­質量如何，事業成功失敗，退休後是否幸福。研究者根據他們交還的問卷給他們分級，E是­情形最糟，A是情形最好。不過，光是自我評定可不夠。

每隔5年，會有專業的醫師去評估他們的身心健康指標。每隔5-10年，研究者還會親自­前去拜訪這批人，通過面談採訪，更深入地了解他們目前的親密關係、事業收入、人生滿意­度，以及他們在人生的每個階段是否適應良好。

這批人可謂“史上被研究得最透徹的一群小白鼠”，他們經歷了二戰、經濟蕭條、經濟復甦­、金融海嘯，他們結婚、離婚、升職、當選、失敗、東山再起、一蹶不振，有人順利退休安­度晚年，有人自毀健康早早夭亡。

最終，這268人裡確實湧現了不少成功人士，迄今有4個美國參議員，1個州長，甚至1­個美國總統——約翰·肯尼迪，不過，肯尼迪的研究檔案早就被政府單獨拿走，預計到20­40年才有可能解密。

其餘267份人生檔案又得出了怎樣的結論呢？

首先，以下因素不太影響“人生成功”：最早猜測的“男子氣概”沒用，智商超過110後­就不再影響收入水平，家庭的經濟社會地位高低也影響不大，外向內向無所謂，也不是非得­有特別高超的社交能力，家族裡有酗酒史和抑鬱史也不是問題。

真正能影響“十項全能”，幫你邁向繁盛人生的，是如下因素：自己不酗酒不吸煙，鍛煉充­足，保持健康體重，以及，童年被愛，共情能力高，青年時能建立親密關係。

如下數據可能會讓你大吃一驚

與母親關係親密者，一年平均多掙8.7萬美元。跟兄弟姐妹相親相愛者，一年平均多掙5­.1萬美元。在“親密關係”這項上得分最高的58個人，平均年薪是24.3萬美元。得­分最低的31人，則平均年薪沒有超過10.2萬美元。只要能在30歲前找到“真愛”—­—無論是真的愛情、友情還是親情，就能大大增加你“人生繁盛”的機率。

乍一看，感覺哈佛用76年熬了一碗濃濃的雞湯——人生成功的關鍵是——“愛”？


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TED TALK 陸克文:中美注定要衝突？

TED TALK Kevin Rudd: Are China and the US Doomed to Conflict?
陸克文：中國和美國注定要衝突？

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The former prime minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd is also a longtime student of China, with a unique vantage point to watch its power rise in the past few decades. He asks whether the growing ambition of China will inevitably lead to conflict with other major powers — and suggests another narrative. (TED Talk April 2015)

Transcript

0:11 G'day, my name's Kevin. I'm from Australia. I'm here to help. (Laughter)

0:19Tonight, I want to talk about a tale of two cities. One of those cities is called Washington, and the other is called Beijing. Because how these two capitals shape their future and the future of the United States and the future of China doesn't just affect those two countries, it affects all of us in ways, perhaps, we've never thought of: the air we breathe, the water we drink, the fish we eat, the quality of our oceans, the languages we speak in the future, the jobs we have, the political systems we choose, and, of course, the great questions of war and peace.

1:05 You see that bloke? He's French. His name is Napoleon. A couple of hundred years ago, he made this extraordinary projection: "China is a sleeping lion, and when she awakes, the world will shake." Napoleon got a few things wrong; he got this one absolutely right. Because China is today not just woken up, China has stood up and China is on the march, and the question for us all is where will China go and how do we engage this giant of the 21st century?

1:42 You start looking at the numbers, they start to confront you in a big way. It's projected that China will become, by whichever measure -- PPP, market exchange rates -- the largest economy in the world over the course of the decade ahead. They're already the largest trading nation, already the largest exporting nation, already the largest manufacturing nation, and they're also the biggest emitters of carbon in the world. America comes second.

2:10 So if China does become the world's largest economy, think about this: It'll be the first time since this guy was on the throne of England -- George III, not a good friend of Napoleon's -- that in the world we will have as the largest economy a non-English speaking country, a non-Western country, a non-liberal democratic country. And if you don't think that's going to affect the way in which the world happens in the future, then personally, I think you've been smoking something, and it doesn't mean you're from Colorado.

2:53 So in short, the question we have tonight is, how do we understand this mega-change, which I believe to be the biggest change for the first half of the 21st century? It'll affect so many things. It will go to the absolute core. It's happening quietly. It's happening persistently. It's happening in some senses under the radar, as we are all preoccupied with what's going in Ukraine, what's going on in the Middle East, what's going on with ISIS, what's going on with ISIL, what's happening with the future of our economies. This is a slow and quiet revolution. And with a mega-change comes also a mega-challenge, and the mega-challenge is this: Can these two great countries, China and the United States -- China, the Middle Kingdom, and the United States, Měiguó -- which in Chinese, by the way, means "the beautiful country." Think about that -- that's the name that China has given this country for more than a hundred years. Whether these two great civilizations, these two great countries, can in fact carve out a common future for themselves and for the world? In short, can we carve out a future which is peaceful and mutually prosperous, or are we looking at a great challenge of war or peace? And I have 15 minutes to work through war or peace, which is a little less time than they gave this guy to write a book called "War and Peace."

4:37 People ask me, why is it that a kid growing up in rural Australia got interested in learning Chinese? Well, there are two reasons for that. Here's the first of them. That's Betsy the cow. Now, Betsy the cow was one of a herd of dairy cattle that I grew up with on a farm in rural Australia. See those hands there? These are not built for farming. So very early on, I discovered that in fact, working in a farm was not designed for me, and China was a very safe remove from any career in Australian farm life.

5:09 Here's the second reason. That's my mom. Anyone here ever listen to what their mom told them to do? Everyone ever do what their mom told them to do? I rarely did, but what my mom said to me was, one day, she handed me a newspaper, a headline which said, here we have a huge change. And that change is China entering the United Nations. 1971, I had just turned 14 years of age, and she handed me this headline. And she said, "Understand this, learn this, because it's going to affect your future."

5:45 So being a very good student of history, I decided that the best thing for me to do was, in fact, to go off and learn Chinese. The great thing about learning Chinese is that your Chinese teacher gives you a new name. And so they gave me this name: Kè, which means to overcome or to conquer, and Wén, and that's the character for literature or the arts. Kè Wén, Conqueror of the Classics. Any of you guys called "Kevin"? It's a major lift from being called Kevin to be called Conqueror of the Classics. (Laughter) I've been called Kevin all my life. Have you been called Kevin all your life? Would you prefer to be called Conqueror of the Classics?

6:31 And so I went off after that and joined the Australian Foreign Service, but here is where pride -- before pride, there always comes a fall. So there I am in the embassy in Beijing, off to the Great Hall of the People with our ambassador, who had asked me to interpret for his first meeting in the Great Hall of the People. And so there was I. If you've been to a Chinese meeting, it's a giant horseshoe. At the head of the horsehoe are the really serious pooh-bahs, and down the end of the horseshoe are the not-so-serious pooh-bahs, the junior woodchucks like me. And so the ambassador began with this inelegant phrase. He said, "China and Australia are currently enjoying a relationship of unprecedented closeness." And I thought to myself, "That sounds clumsy. That sounds odd. I will improve it." Note to file: Never do that. It needed to be a little more elegant, a little more classical, so I rendered it as follows. [In Chinese]

7:36 There was a big pause on the other side of the room. You could see the giant pooh-bahs at the head of the horseshoe, the blood visibly draining from their faces, and the junior woodchucks at the other end of the horseshoe engaged in peals of unrestrained laughter. Because when I rendered his sentence, "Australia and China are enjoying a relationship of unprecedented closeness," in fact, what I said was that Australia and China were now experiencing fantastic orgasm. (Laughter)

8:10 That was the last time I was asked to interpret. But in that little story, there's a wisdom, which is, as soon as you think you know something about this extraordinary civilization of 5,000 years of continuing history, there's always something new to learn.

8:26 History is against us when it comes to the U.S. and China forging a common future together. This guy up here? He's not Chinese and he's not American. He's Greek. His name's Thucydides. He wrote the history of the Peloponnesian Wars. And he made this extraordinary observation about Athens and Sparta. "It was the rise of Athens and the fear that this inspired in Sparta that made war inevitable." And hence, a whole literature about something called the Thucydides Trap.

8:56 This guy here? He's not American and he's not Greek. He's Chinese. His name is Sun Tzu. He wrote "The Art of War," and if you see his statement underneath, it's along these lines: "Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected." Not looking good so far for China and the United States.

9:15 This guy is an American. His name's Graham Allison. In fact, he's a teacher at the Kennedy School over there in Boston. He's working on a single project at the moment, which is, does the Thucydides Trap about the inevitably of war between rising powers and established great powers apply to the future of China-U.S. relations? It's a core question. And what Graham has done is explore 15 cases in history since the 1500s to establish what the precedents are. And in 11 out of 15 of them, let me tell you, they've ended in catastrophic war.

9:52 You may say, "But Kevin -- or Conqueror of the Classics -- that was the past. We live now in a world of interdependence and globalization. It could never happen again." Guess what? The economic historians tell us that in fact, the time which we reached the greatest point of economic integration and globalization was in 1914, just before that happened, World War I, a sobering reflection from history.

10:23 So if we are engaged in this great question of how China thinks, feels, and positions itself towards the United States, and the reverse, how do we get to the baseline of how these two countries and civilizations can possibly work together?

10:42 Let me first go to, in fact, China's views of the U.S. and the rest of the West. Number one: China feels as if it's been humiliated at the hands of the West through a hundred years of history, beginning with the Opium Wars. When after that, the Western powers carved China up into little pieces, so that by the time it got to the '20s and '30s, signs like this one appeared on the streets of Shanghai. ["No dogs and Chinese allowed"] How would you feel if you were Chinese, in your own country, if you saw that sign appear? China also believes and feels as if, in the events of 1919, at the Peace Conference in Paris, when Germany's colonies were given back to all sorts of countries around in the world, what about German colonies in China? They were, in fact, given to Japan. When Japan then invaded China in the 1930s the world looked away and was indifferent to what would happen to China. And then, on top of that, the Chinese to this day believe that the United States and the West do not accept the legitimacy of their political system because it's so radically different from those of us who come from liberal democracies, and believe that the United States to this day is seeking to undermine their political system. China also believes that it is being contained by U.S. allies and by those with strategic partnerships with the U.S. right around its periphery. And beyond all that, the Chinese have this feeling in their heart of hearts and in their gut of guts that those of us in the collective West are just too damned arrogant. That is, we don't recognize the problems in our own system, in our politics and our economics, and are very quick to point the finger elsewhere, and believe that, in fact, we in the collective West are guilty of a great bunch of hypocrisy.

12:31 Of course, in international relations, it's not just the sound of one hand clapping. There's another country too, and that's called the U.S. So how does the U.S. respond to all of the above? The U.S. has a response to each of those. On the question of is the U.S. containing China, they say, "No, look at the history of the Soviet Union. That was containment." Instead, what we have done in the U.S. and the West is welcome China into the global economy, and on top of that, welcome them into the World Trade Organization. The U.S. and the West say China cheats on the question of intellectual property rights, and through cyberattacks on U.S. and global firms. Furthermore, the United States says that the Chinese political system is fundamentally wrong because it's at such fundamental variance to the human rights, democracy, and rule of law that we enjoy in the U.S. and the collective West. And on top of all the above, what does the United States say? That they fear that China will, when it has sufficient power, establish a sphere of influence in Southeast Asia and wider East Asia, boot the United States out, and in time, when it's powerful enough, unilaterally seek to change the rules of the global order.

13:44 So apart from all of that, it's just fine and dandy, the U.S.-China relationship. No real problems there. The challenge, though, is given those deep-rooted feelings, those deep-rooted emotions and thought patterns, what the Chinese call "Sīwéi," ways of thinking, how can we craft a basis for a common future between these two?

14:06 I argue simply this: We can do it on the basis on a framework of constructive realism for a common purpose. What do I mean by that? Be realistic about the things that we disagree on, and a management approach that doesn't enable any one of those differences to break into war or conflict until we've acquired the diplomatic skills to solve them. Be constructive in areas of the bilateral, regional and global engagement between the two, which will make a difference for all of humankind. Build a regional institution capable of cooperation in Asia, an Asia-Pacific community. And worldwide, act further, like you've begun to do at the end of last year by striking out against climate change with hands joined together rather than fists apart.

14:52 Of course, all that happens if you've got a common mechanism and political will to achieve the above. These things are deliverable. But the question is, are they deliverable alone? This is what our head tells us we need to do, but what about our heart?

15:08 I have a little experience in the question back home of how you try to bring together two peoples who, frankly, haven't had a whole lot in common in the past. And that's when I apologized to Australia's indigenous peoples. This was a day of reckoning in the Australian government, the Australian parliament, and for the Australian people. After 200 years of unbridled abuse towards the first Australians, it was high time that we white folks said we were sorry.

15:38 The important thing -- (Applause)

15:45 The important thing that I remember is staring in the faces of all those from Aboriginal Australia as they came to listen to this apology. It was extraordinary to see, for example, old women telling me the stories of when they were five years old and literally ripped away from their parents, like this lady here. It was extraordinary for me to then be able to embrace and to kiss Aboriginal elders as they came into the parliament building, and one woman said to me, it's the first time a white fella had ever kissed her in her life, and she was over 70. That's a terrible story.

16:22 And then I remember this family saying to me, "You know, we drove all the way from the far North down to Canberra to come to this thing, drove our way through redneck country. On the way back, stopped at a cafe after the apology for a milkshake." And they walked into this cafe quietly, tentatively, gingerly, a little anxious. I think you know what I'm talking about. But the day after the apology, what happened? Everyone in that cafe, every one of the white folks, stood up and applauded. Something had happened in the hearts of these people in Australia. The white folks, our Aboriginal brothers and sisters, and we haven't solved all these problems together, but let me tell you, there was a new beginning because we had gone not just to the head, we'd gone also to the heart.

17:19 So where does that conclude in terms of the great question that we've been asked to address this evening, which is the future of U.S.-China relations? The head says there's a way forward. The head says there is a policy framework, there's a common narrative, there's a mechanism through regular summitry to do these things and to make them better. But the heart must also find a way to reimagine the possibilities of the America-China relationship, and the possibilities of China's future engagement in the world. Sometimes, folks, we just need to take a leap of faith not quite knowing where we might land.

17:58 In China, they now talk about the Chinese Dream. In America, we're all familiar with the term "the American Dream." I think it's time, across the world, that we're able to think also of something we might also call a dream for all humankind. Because if we do that, we might just change the way that we think about each other.

18:34 [In Chinese]

18:38 That's my challenge to America. That's my challenge to China. That's my challenge to all of us, but I think where there's a will and where there is imagination we can turn this into a future driven by peace and prosperity and not once again repeat the tragedies of war.

18:55 I thank you.

18:57 (Applause)

19:02Chris Anderson: Thanks so much for that. Thanks so much for that. It feels like you yourself have a role to play in this bridging. You, in a way, are uniquely placed to speak to both sides.

19:15 Kevin Rudd: Well, what we Australians do best is organize the drinks, so you get them together in one room, and we suggest this and suggest that, then we go and get the drinks. But no, look, for all of us who are friends of these two great countries, America and China, you can do something. You can make a practical contribution, and for all you good folks here, next time you meet someone from China, sit down and have a conversation. See what you can find out about where they come from and what they think, and my challenge for all the Chinese folks who are going to watch this TED Talk at some time is do the same. Two of us seeking to change the world can actually make a huge difference. Those of us up the middle, we can make a small contribution.

19:53 CA: Kevin, all power to you, my friend. Thank you.

19:55 KR: Thank you. Thank you, folks.

19:57 (Applause)

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The Price of Shame 恥辱的代價

Monica Lewinsky: The price of shame 恥辱的代價

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In 1998, says Monica Lewinsky, “I was Patient Zero of losing a personal reputation on a global scale almost instantaneously.” Today, the kind of online public shaming she went through has become a constant.

In a brave talk, she takes a look at our “culture of humiliation,” in which online shame equals dollar signs — and demands a different way. (TED Talk March 2015)

Transcript

0:11 You're looking at a woman who was publicly silent for a decade. Obviously, that's changed, but only recently.

0:22 It was several months ago that I gave my very first major public talk at the Forbes 30 Under 30 summit: 1,500 brilliant people, all under the age of 30. That meant that in 1998, the oldest among the group were only 14, and the youngest, just four. I joked with them that some might only have heard of me from rap songs. Yes, I'm in rap songs. Almost 40 rap songs. (Laughter)

0:57 But the night of my speech, a surprising thing happened. At the age of 41, I was hit on by a 27-year-old guy. I know, right? He was charming and I was flattered, and I declined. You know what his unsuccessful pickup line was? He could make me feel 22 again. (Laughter) (Applause) I realized later that night, I'm probably the only person over 40 who does not want to be 22 again. (Laughter) (Applause)

1:46 At the age of 22, I fell in love with my boss, and at the age of 24, I learned the devastating consequences.

1:58 Can I see a show of hands of anyone here who didn't make a mistake or do something they regretted at 22? Yep. That's what I thought. So like me, at 22, a few of you may have also taken wrong turns and fallen in love with the wrong person, maybe even your boss. Unlike me, though, your boss probably wasn't the president of the United States of America. Of course, life is full of surprises.

2:35 Not a day goes by that I'm not reminded of my mistake, and I regret that mistake deeply.

2:44 In 1998, after having been swept up into an improbable romance, I was then swept up into the eye of a political, legal and media maelstrom like we had never seen before. Remember, just a few years earlier, news was consumed from just three places: reading a newspaper or magazine, listening to the radio, or watching television. That was it. But that wasn't my fate. Instead, this scandal was brought to you by the digital revolution. That meant we could access all the information we wanted, when we wanted it, anytime, anywhere, and when the story broke in January 1998, it broke online. It was the first time the traditional news was usurped by the Internet for a major news story, a click that reverberated around the world.

3:51 What that meant for me personally was that overnight I went from being a completely private figure to a publicly humiliated one worldwide. I was patient zero of losing a personal reputation on a global scale almost instantaneously.

4:14 This rush to judgment, enabled by technology, led to mobs of virtual stone-throwers. Granted, it was before social media, but people could still comment online, email stories, and, of course, email cruel jokes. News sources plastered photos of me all over to sell newspapers, banner ads online, and to keep people tuned to the TV. Do you recall a particular image of me, say, wearing a beret?

4:52 Now, I admit I made mistakes, especially wearing that beret. But the attention and judgment that I received, not the story, but that I personally received, was unprecedented. I was branded as a tramp, tart, slut, whore, bimbo, and, of course, that woman. I was seen by many but actually known by few. And I get it: it was easy to forget that that woman was dimensional, had a soul, and was once unbroken.

5:40 When this happened to me 17 years ago, there was no name for it. Now we call it cyberbullying and online harassment. Today, I want to share some of my experience with you, talk about how that experience has helped shape my cultural observations, and how I hope my past experience can lead to a change that results in less suffering for others.
6:09 In 1998, I lost my reputation and my dignity. I lost almost everything, and I almost lost my life.

6:23 Let me paint a picture for you. It is September of 1998. I'm sitting in a windowless office room inside the Office of the Independent Counsel underneath humming fluorescent lights. I'm listening to the sound of my voice, my voice on surreptitiously taped phone calls that a supposed friend had made the year before. I'm here because I've been legally required to personally authenticate all 20 hours of taped conversation. For the past eight months, the mysterious content of these tapes has hung like the Sword of Damocles over my head. I mean, who can remember what they said a year ago? Scared and mortified, I listen, listen as I prattle on about the flotsam and jetsam of the day; listen as I confess my love for the president, and, of course, my heartbreak; listen to my sometimes catty, sometimes churlish, sometimes silly self being cruel, unforgiving, uncouth; listen, deeply, deeply ashamed, to the worst version of myself, a self I don't even recognize.

7:55 A few days later, the Starr Report is released to Congress, and all of those tapes and transcripts, those stolen words, form a part of it. That people can read the transcripts is horrific enough, but a few weeks later, the audio tapes are aired on TV, and significant portions made available online. The public humiliation was excruciating. Life was almost unbearable.

8:31 This was not something that happened with regularity back then in 1998, and by this, I mean the stealing of people's private words, actions, conversations or photos, and then making them public -- public without consent, public without context, and public without compassion.

8:57 Fast forward 12 years to 2010, and now social media has been born. The landscape has sadly become much more populated with instances like mine, whether or not someone actually make a mistake, and now it's for both public and private people. The consequences for some have become dire, very dire.

9:24 I was on the phone with my mom in September of 2010, and we were talking about the news of a young college freshman from Rutgers University named Tyler Clementi. Sweet, sensitive, creative Tyler was secretly webcammed by his roommate while being intimate with another man. When the online world learned of this incident, the ridicule and cyberbullying ignited. A few days later, Tyler jumped from the George Washington Bridge to his death. He was 18.

10:06 My mom was beside herself about what happened to Tyler and his family, and she was gutted with pain in a way that I just couldn't quite understand, and then eventually I realized she was reliving 1998, reliving a time when she sat by my bed every night, reliving a time when she made me shower with the bathroom door open, and reliving a time when both of my parents feared that I would be humiliated to death, literally.

10:47 Today, too many parents haven't had the chance to step in and rescue their loved ones. Too many have learned of their child's suffering and humiliation after it was too late. Tyler's tragic, senseless death was a turning point for me. It served to recontextualize my experiences, and I then began to look at the world of humiliation and bullying around me and see something different. In 1998, we had no way of knowing where this brave new technology called the Internet would take us. Since then, it has connected people in unimaginable ways, joining lost siblings, saving lives, launching revolutions, but the darkness, cyberbullying, and slut-shaming that I experienced had mushroomed. Every day online, people, especially young people who are not developmentally equipped to handle this, are so abused and humiliated that they can't imagine living to the next day, and some, tragically, don't, and there's nothing virtual about that. ChildLine, a U.K. nonprofit that's focused on helping young people on various issues, released a staggering statistic late last year: From 2012 to 2013, there was an 87 percent increase in calls and emails related to cyberbullying. A meta-analysis done out of the Netherlands showed that for the first time, cyberbullying was leading to suicidal ideations more significantly than offline bullying. And you know what shocked me, although it shouldn't have, was other research last year that determined humiliation was a more intensely felt emotion than either happiness or even anger.

12:55 Cruelty to others is nothing new, but online, technologically enhanced shaming is amplified, uncontained, and permanently accessible. The echo of embarrassment used to extend only as far as your family, village, school or community, but now it's the online community too. Millions of people, often anonymously, can stab you with their words, and that's a lot of pain, and there are no perimeters around how many people can publicly observe you and put you in a public stockade. There is a very personal price to public humiliation, and the growth of the Internet has jacked up that price.

13:50 For nearly two decades now, we have slowly been sowing the seeds of shame and public humiliation in our cultural soil, both on- and offline. Gossip websites, paparazzi, reality programming, politics, news outlets and sometimes hackers all traffic in shame. It's led to desensitization and a permissive environment online which lends itself to trolling, invasion of privacy, and cyberbullying. This shift has created what Professor Nicolaus Mills calls a culture of humiliation. Consider a few prominent examples just from the past six months alone. Snapchat, the service which is used mainly by younger generations and claims that its messages only have the lifespan of a few seconds. You can imagine the range of content that that gets. A third-party app which Snapchatters use to preserve the lifespan of the messages was hacked, and 100,000 personal conversations, photos, and videos were leaked online to now have a lifespan of forever. Jennifer Lawrence and several other actors had their iCloud accounts hacked, and private, intimate, nude photos were plastered across the Internet without their permission. One gossip website had over five million hits for this one story. And what about the Sony Pictures cyberhacking? The documents which received the most attention were private emails that had maximum public embarrassment value.

15:38 But in this culture of humiliation, there is another kind of price tag attached to public shaming. The price does not measure the cost to the victim, which Tyler and too many others, notably women, minorities, and members of the LGBTQ community have paid, but the price measures the profit of those who prey on them. This invasion of others is a raw material, efficiently and ruthlessly mined, packaged and sold at a profit. A marketplace has emerged where public humiliation is a commodity and shame is an industry. How is the money made? Clicks. The more shame, the more clicks. The more clicks, the more advertising dollars. We're in a dangerous cycle. The more we click on this kind of gossip, the more numb we get to the human lives behind it, and the more numb we get, the more we click. All the while, someone is making money off of the back of someone else's suffering. With every click, we make a choice. The more we saturate our culture with public shaming, the more accepted it is, the more we will see behavior like cyberbullying, trolling, some forms of hacking, and online harassment. Why? Because they all have humiliation at their cores. This behavior is a symptom of the culture we've created. Just think about it.

17:30 Changing behavior begins with evolving beliefs. We've seen that to be true with racism, homophobia, and plenty of other biases, today and in the past. As we've changed beliefs about same-sex marriage, more people have been offered equal freedoms. When we began valuing sustainability, more people began to recycle. So as far as our culture of humiliation goes, what we need is a cultural revolution. Public shaming as a blood sport has to stop, and it's time for an intervention on the Internet and in our culture.
18:10 The shift begins with something simple, but it's not easy. We need to return to a long-held value of compassion -- compassion and empathy. Online, we've got a compassion deficit, an empathy crisis.

18:28 Researcher Brené Brown said, and I quote, "Shame can't survive empathy." Shame cannot survive empathy. I've seen some very dark days in my life, and it was the compassion and empathy from my family, friends, professionals, and sometimes even strangers that saved me. Even empathy from one person can make a difference. The theory of minority influence, proposed by social psychologist Serge Moscovici, says that even in small numbers, when there's consistency over time, change can happen. In the online world, we can foster minority influence by becoming upstanders. To become an upstander means instead of bystander apathy, we can post a positive comment for someone or report a bullying situation. Trust me, compassionate comments help abate the negativity. We can also counteract the culture by supporting organizations that deal with these kinds of issues, like the Tyler Clementi Foundation in the U.S., In the U.K., there's Anti-Bullying Pro, and in Australia, there's Project Rockit.

19:51 We talk a lot about our right to freedom of expression, but we need to talk more about our responsibility to freedom of expression. We all want to be heard, but let's acknowledge the difference between speaking up with intention and speaking up for attention. The Internet is the superhighway for the id, but online, showing empathy to others benefits us all and helps create a safer and better world. We need to communicate online with compassion, consume news with compassion, and click with compassion. Just imagine walking a mile in someone else's headline. I'd like to end on a personal note. In the past nine months, the question I've been asked the most is why. Why now? Why was I sticking my head above the parapet? You can read between the lines in those questions, and the answer has nothing to do with politics. The top note answer was and is because it's time: time to stop tip-toeing around my past; time to stop living a life of opprobrium; and time to take back my narrative.

21:17 It's also not just about saving myself. Anyone who is suffering from shame and public humiliation needs to know one thing: You can survive it. I know it's hard. It may not be painless, quick or easy, but you can insist on a different ending to your story. Have compassion for yourself. We all deserve compassion, and to live both online and off in a more compassionate world.

21:54 Thank you for listening.

21:57 (Applause)

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TED Talks by Manu Prakash
A 50-cent Microscope that Folds Like Origami 伍毫錢 顯微鏡

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Perhaps you've punched out a paper doll or folded an origami swan? TED Fellow Manu Prakash and his team have created a microscope made of paper that's just as easy to fold and use.

A sparkling demo that shows how this invention could revolutionize healthcare in developing countries ... and turn almost anything into a fun, hands-on science experiment.

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TED Talks: Alexander Tsiaras: Conception to birth -- visualized
受孕到分娩 - 可視化

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Image-maker Alexander Tsiaras shares a powerful medical visualization, showing human development from conception to birth and beyond. (Some graphic images.)

Using art and technology, Alexander Tsiaras visualizes the unseen human body.

Alexander Tsiaras is an artist and technologist whose work explores the unseen human body, developing scientific visualization software to enable him to "paint" the human anatomy using volume data. He's the author of Body Voyage and co-author of Information Architects. Most recently, he is the author of From Conception to Birth: A Life Unfolds and The Architecture and Design of Man and Woman: The Marvel of the Human Body, Revealed.

His latest project is The Visual MD, an online compendium of health visualizations.

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TED Talks: Leslie T. Chang: The voices of China's workers  
Chinese Subtitled 张彤禾:中国工人的声音

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In the ongoing debate about globalization, what's been missing is the voices of workers -- the millions of people who migrate to factories in China and other emerging countries to make goods sold all over the world. Reporter Leslie T. Chang sought out women who work in one of China's booming megacities, and tells their stories.

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A Tale of Two Political Systems 李世默

TED Talks: A Tale of Two Political Systems  (Chinese Sub)
李世默:两种制度的传说

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Eric Li takes the platform at TED to explain China and comparing the two systems, Demoracy and Communism. 李世默:两种制度的传说

It's a standard assumption in the West: As a society progresses, it eventually becomes a capitalist, multi-party democracy. Right? Eric X. Li, a Chinese investor and political scientist, begs to differ. In this provocative, boundary-pushing talk, he asks his audience to consider that there's more than one way to run a successful modern nation.

A venture capitalist and political scientist, Eric X Li argues that the universality claim of Western democratic systems is going to be "morally challenged" by China.

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The Violin, and My Dark Night of the Soul

TEDTalks
Ji-Hae Park: The Violin, and My Dark Night of the Soul

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In her quest to become a world-famous violinist, Ji-Hae Park fell into a severe depression. Only music was able to lift her out again -- showing her that her goal needn’t be to play lofty concert halls, but instead to bring the wonder of the instrument to as many people as possible.

Ji-Hae Park spreads the joy of classical to music to those who might not otherwise hear it -- and in the process shows that you can rock out on the violin

TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and much more.


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Ted Talk: Color-coded Surgery

Quyen Nguyen: Color-coded Surgery

Surgeons are taught from textbooks which conveniently color-code the types of tissues, but that's not what it looks like in real life -- until now. At TEDMED Quyen Nguyen demonstrates how a molecular marker can make tumors light up in neon green, showing surgeons exactly where to cut.

Quyen T. Nguyen, M.D.Ph.D. earned her medical and doctorate degrees from Washington University School of Medicine. She completed her surgical internship at Barnes Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, MO, her Head and Neck Surgery residency and Neurotology fellowship at the University of California, San Diego. She joined the Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery at UCSD as faculty in 2007. Her clinical practice is focused on the treatment of facial nerve and ear related diseases including implants for hearing restoration. She became the Director of the Facial Nerve Clinic at UCSD in 2009.

In collaboration with Roger Tsien, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 2008, Dr. Nguyen’s scientific research is focused on the development of fluorescently labeled probes for molecular navigation during surgery. Their first collaborative effort yielded a “smart” probe that makes tumors margins fluoresce, or “glow” and thus easier for surgeons to see and remove accurately during surgery. Their most recent joint effort resulted in another type of probe that can make nerves “glow” during surgery, thus helping surgeons repair injured nerves and avoid inadvertent injury.

She has been awarded a Career Development Award from the NIH in 2007 and a Career Award for Medical Scientists by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund in 2009.


Quyen Nguyen - Q&A at TEDMED 2011

Dr. Tsien is renowned for revolutionizing the fields of cell biology and neurobiology by allowing scientists to peer inside living cells and watch the behavior of molecules in real time. He is well-known for developing colorful dyes, such as Fura-2, to track the movement of calcium within cells and has genetically modified molecules that make jellyfish and corals glow, creating fluorescent colors in a dazzling variety of hues. These multicolored fluorescent proteins are used by scientists to track where and when certain genes are expressed in cells or in whole organisms.

UCSD Professor Roger Tsien, Ph.D., shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Osamu Shimomura of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole and Boston University School of Medicine, and Martin Chalfie of Columbia University in New York. The scientists are being honored for the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and seminal work to design and create fluorescent molecules that enter cells and light up their inner workings.

Video on Dr. Tsien's Research

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Arthur Benjamin 數學魔術師

Arthur Benjamin does "Mathemagic" 數學魔術師 Subtitle is available in Chinese 中文字幕.

About the Speaker: Arthur Benjamin Mathematician and magician Arthur Benjamin combines his two passions in "Mathemagics," a mind-boggling presentation of lightning calculations and other feats of mathematical agility.

About the Talk In a lively show, mathemagician Arthur Benjamin races a team of calculators to figure out 3-digit squares, solves another massive mental equation and guesses a few birthdays. How does he do it? He’ll tell you. 數學魔術師 亞瑟 班傑明 和一組計算機比賽算出3位數平方, 並解出一個困難的心算問題以及猜出幾個生日星期. 他是如何辦到得呢? 由他來告訴你.

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Yang Lan 楊瀾: 重塑中國的一代

Yang Lan: The generation that's remaking China 
楊瀾: 重塑中國的一代

Subtitle is available in Chinese 中文字幕.

About the Speaker: Yang Lan Yang Lan is often called “the Oprah of China.” The chair of a multiplatform business empire, Yang is pioneering more-open means of communication in the communist nation. Full bio and more links About the Talk Yang Lan, a journalist and entrepreneur who's been called "the Oprah of China," offers insight into the next generation of young Chinese citizens -- urban, connected (via microblogs) and alert to injustice. 

楊瀾, 一位新聞記者兼企業家, 被稱爲是"中國的奧普拉," 介紹中國這些住在城市,、(通過微博)互相聯係、對社會不公很警覺的下一代.

猜你喜歡:
The Beauty of China 中国之美

Suez Canal 意大利 - 迪拜

Iberia Passage 英國 - 佛羅里達

Friendly Shandong 青島 - 濰坊

Old Hong Kong 老香港

Beauty of pollination 授粉藝術

Ted Talk: Louie Schwartzberg: The hidden beauty of pollination

About the Speaker: Louie Schwartzberg is an award-winning cinematographer, director and producer who captures breathtaking images that celebrate life -- revealing connections, universal rhythms, patterns and beauty. About the Talk Pollination: it's vital to life on Earth, but largely unseen by the human eye. Filmmaker Louie Schwartzberg shows us the intricate world of pollen and pollinators with gorgeous high-speed images from his film "Wings of Life," inspired by the vanishing of one of nature's primary pollinators, the honeybee.

猜你喜歡:
The Beauty of China 中国之美

Suez Canal 意大利 - 迪拜

Iberia Passage 英國 - 佛羅里達

Friendly Shandong 青島 - 濰坊

Old Hong Kong 老香港

Ted Talk: Nature. Beauty. Gratitude.

Louie Schwartzberg: Nature. Beauty. Gratitude.

Best to watch the video in HD full screen mode.

Louie Schwartzberg is an award-winning cinematographer, director, and producer whose notable career spans more than three decades providing breathtaking imagery for feature films, television shows, documentaries and commercials.

This piece includes his short film on Gratitude and Happiness. Brother David Steindl's spoken words, Gary Malkin's musical compositions and Louie's cinematography make this a stunningly beautiful piece, reminding us of the precious gift of life, and the beauty all around us.

As a visual artist, Louie has created some of the most iconic and memorable film moments of our time. He is an innovator in the world of time-lapse, nature, aerial and "slice-of-life" photography - the only cinematographer in the world who has literally been shooting 24 hours a day, 7 days a week continuously for more than 30 years.

Louie was recognized as one of the top 70 Cinematographers for the On Film Kodak Salute Series. He is a member of the Directors Guild of America and the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences.

Louie is credited by many with pioneering the contemporary stock footage industry by founding Energy Film Library, a global company with a network of 12 foreign offices, which was acquired by Getty Images in 1997. Motion picture clients of his cinematic artistry include Sex in the City, The Bourne Ultimatum, Die Hard 4, Syriana, Crash, Men in Black and classics such as American Beauty, Koyaanisqatsi and E.T. among others.

Louie went on to found BlackLight Films, a creative production company specializing in producing original theatrical feature, large format films, HD and TV programming.

In 2004, BlackLight Films completed production of the theatrical feature film, America's Heart &Soul, distributed theatrically by Walt Disney Pictures. In 2006, BlackLight Films completed a series of HD shorts, Louie Films, for the launch of Buena Vista Home Entertainment's Blu-Ray DVD releases. In 2007, the company produced a 1-hour special, Chasing the Light, which aired nationally on PBS.

Past projects include the 35mm film Seasons of the Vine for Disney's California Adventure Theme Park and a 26-half hour series, America!, for The Hallmark Channel.

Louie has won two Clio Awards for Best Environmental Broadcast Spot, an Emmy nomination for Best Cinematography for the Discovery Channel Special, Oceans of Air, and the Heartland Film Festival's Truly Moving Picture Award for Walt Disney Pictures' feature film release America's Heart & Soul.

Louie completed production on a feature length nature documentary, Wings of Life, to be theatrically released worldwide, under Walt Disney Pictures' new production banner, Disneynature. The film was released in France (March 2011) under the title Pollen and won the Roscar Award for Best Cinematography at the 2011 Wild Talk Africa Film Festival.

Louie spoke at the TED 2011 conference in Long Beach, CA and has been a regular presenter at the annual Bioneers Conference in San Francisco. Currently, Louie is in production with National Geographic to produce Hidden Worlds, a 3D Imax film.

猜你喜歡:

The Beauty of China 中国之美

Suez Canal 意大利 - 迪拜

Iberia Passage 英國 - 佛羅里達

Friendly Shandong 青島 - 濰坊

Old Hong Kong 老香港

Adora Svitak 鄒奇奇 幼稚的思維

Adora Svitak: What adults can learn from kids Subtitle is available in Chinese 中文字幕.

About the Speaker: Amit Sood A prolific short story writer and blogger since age seven, Adora Svitak (now 12) speaks around the United States to adults and children as an advocate for literacy.

About the Talk Child prodigy Adora Svitak says the world needs "childish" thinking: bold ideas, wild creativity and especially optimism. Kids' big dreams deserve high expectations, she says, starting with grownups' willingness to learn from children as much as to teach.

神童鄒奇奇認為這個世界需要「幼稚」的思維，亦即小孩那些大膽的點子、奔放的創意，特別是他們樂觀的態度。她說，小孩的偉大夢想值得我們高度期望，首要之務，便是大人除了願意教導小孩，還得放下身段從小孩身上學習。

猜你喜歡:
The Beauty of China 中国之美

Suez Canal 意大利 - 迪拜 Iberia Passage 英國 - 佛羅里達

Friendly Shandong 青島 - 濰坊

Old Hong Kong 老香港

Build Museum Online 網上建館

Amit Sood: Building a museum on the web Subtitle is available in Chinese 中文字幕.

About the Speaker: Amit Sood Amit Sood is the head of Art Project, Google's effort to bring the world's greatest museums onto the web. Visit it at googleartproject.com. About the Talk Imagine being able to see artwork in the greatest museums around the world without leaving your chair. Driven by his passion for art, Amit Sood tells the story of how he developed Art Project to let people do just that. The project is available on www.googleartproject.com.

猜你喜歡:
The Beauty of China 中国之美

Suez Canal 意大利 - 迪拜

Iberia Passage 英國 - 佛羅里達

Friendly Shandong 青島 - 濰坊

Old Hong Kong 老香港

Digital Deception 數碼幻影

Marco Tempest: The magic of truth and lies (and iPods)

Subtitle is available in Cantonese 中文字幕.

About the Speaker
Marco Tempest
A magician and illusionist for the 21st century, Marco Tempest blends cutting-edge technology with the flair and showmanship of Houdini.

About the Talk
Using three iPods like magical props, Marco Tempest spins a clever, surprisingly heartfelt meditation on truth and lies, art and emotion.

猜你喜歡:

Black Sea 黑海遊記

Transatlantic Voyage 橫渡大西洋

Sichuan 成都、九寨溝、黃龍

2021 Top Chinese Drama 收視最高劇集

Iberia Passage 英國 - 佛羅里達

了解中國的崛起 M. Jacques

Martin Jacques: Understanding the rise of China Subtitle is available in Chinese 中文字幕.

About the Speaker Martin Jacques Martin Jacques is the author of "When China Rules the World," and a columnist for the Guardian and New Statesman. He was a co-founder of the think tank Demos. About the Talk Speaking at a TED Salon in London, economist Martin Jacques asks: How do we in the West make sense of China and its phenomenal rise? The author of "When China Rules the World," he examines why the West often puzzles over the growing power of the Chinese economy, and offers three building blocks for understanding what China is and will become.

猜你喜歡:
The Beauty of China 中国之美

Suez Canal 意大利 - 迪拜

Iberia Passage 英國 - 佛羅里達

Friendly Shandong 青島 - 濰坊

Old Hong Kong 老香港